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Nanotechnology (in construction context)

2014

1-Introduction:

  International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that World’s energy is consumed by buildings %32 of overall final energy consumption. Similarly, on the basis of “primary energy consumption” in buildings in many IEA countries is in average %40. (1) United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) confirms this statistic for the United States that energy consumption is ”in residential and commercial buildings” approximately %40 of overall U.S energy in 2012. (2) And, recent researches by both IEA and EIA indicate that energy consumption will tend to grow for the following decades. (3) (4)

  Figure 1 shows the gradual estimated increase in energy in the world building sector prepared according to the EIA Table I  above. At this point, the energy efficiency strategies are significant implementations about declining carbon dioxide releases, potential climate changes, along with the reduction of the fast increase of energy consumption in the world, assisting with the secure supply of energy and preventing the lack of energy resources. The idea of the energy efficiency may be grounded in various methods associated with the forms of developments and principles to be examined. (5) However, nanotechnology by itself can offer many solutions not only for energy efficiency in  the building, but also the utilization of energy with the most efficient way and intelligent approach.

  At first in this study, major outcomes and the importance of energy consumption in the building relation to the other developments will be discussed. The potential benefits of nanotechnology regarding to the subjected issues will be searched. Afterwards, a number of recent applications and innovations in nanotechnology will be highlighted in the building sector and on the basis of the primary materials used in the construction. At the final stage of the study, the problems facing in the building today, for instance; high energy consumption and inefficient use of energy will be introduced and proposed theoretical inventions connected with nanotechnology in order to overcome aforementioned issues.

 

2- Major Effects of Energy Consumption in Buildings relation to Nanotechnology:

 

  This is a wide open area which contributes to the development of many other sectors as well as creating general concern in the world.  As IEA puts forward the building field “at the heart of the 21st century energy challenges” can affect “energy security, economic growth, climate challenge and the health and well-being for all.” (6)

2.1 - From Building to Energy Security:

  Advancement of the energy usage in the building sector is critical to make sure long-lasting worldwide “energy security” and to decline of energy spending. (3) Furthermore, another study indicates that the highest energy efficiency and reduction potential can be delivered from the building sector. Regarding to Figure 2, the potential energy saving in European countries can be achieved more than half of the current energy consumption. (7) Since, energy utilization at global level tends to rise, addressing to the possibility of nanotechnology improvements to decrease energy depletion has turned into apparent. 

2.2 - From Building to Economic Growth:

  The building area by itself takes place of %8 of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2010 which causes this sector is an important contributor across the economic growth in global. However,  the new building development is less than %1 in IEA member countries, the building sector remains its importance in the economy through energy retrofitting of old buildings (10) This situation is explained in the IEA report as follows:

Estimates show that cost-effective energy retrofits of 40% of the United States’ buildings stock by 2020 will require USD 500 billion of public and private investment, but will directly and indirectly generate approximately 625 000 sustained full-time jobs (CAP, 2009). For the EU, estimates show that cost-effective building energy retrofits may generate a permanent annual economic benefit of USD 134 billion to USD 225 billion, depending on the level of investment made between 2012 and 2020 (CE, 2012). Energy renovation of existing buildings will also reduce households’ energy expenditures, which in 2010 represented more than 3% of GDP in Germany and the Slovak Republic, and more than 2% in most other IEA member countries. In the US, cost-effective energy retrofits could save consumers USD 32 billion to USD 64 billion a year in energy costs, or USD 300 to 1 200 a year for each individual family (CAP, 2009). (10)

  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) suggests in 2012 in the IEA report that a determined energy retrofitting success strategy in IEA member countries can attract many private sectors in a clean growth plan by boosting the employment through career practice, home-grown new job opportunities, improving modernization, amplifying effectiveness and deliver new commercial prospects for local business. (10) At this stage, nanotechnology can offer implementations in order to develop new businesses associated with “cost-effective and cost-efficient economies” hence it can support widely reaching “a sustainable economic growth.”(9)

 

2.3 - From Building to Climate Change:

  Recent practices in energy sector indicate that there is a strong relation between year-to-year variations in energy usage and carbon dioxide emission. For instance; while economic crises had occurred worldwide between 2008 and 2009, energy consumption was restraint across the world, and hence overall world carbon dioxide emissions in 2009 were accounted approximately %1 less than in 2008. Correspondingly, since the world economy was boosted in 2010, particularly in developing countries, that affected on average %5.1 grown to the total CO2 emission.   The production of energy by burning fuels, natural gas and coal is the main contributor of “world’s greenhouse gas emission.” At a result, as a matter of fact that, energy depletion is a significant part of “global climate change” discussion. (11)

  One of the advantages of the application of nanotechnology can be in the manufacturing of cement area. A recent research shows that for only conventional production of cement, a demanding energy required and corresponds to %7 of energy depletion throughout the world and causes %4 productions of CO2 emissions. (12) However, the combination of Nanotech materials can increase the physical productivity and resilience of components of cement. Accordingly, it may contribute to good quality and long-lasting buildings. In addition, the utilization of “nanoscale industrial waste-based cement replacement” can decrease CO2 emissions against to the manufacturing of concrete. (13, 14, 12)

 

2.4 - From Building to the health and well-being for all:

  Consumption of energy in buildings is to maintain of human health and well-being. However, a diversity of surrounding circumstances, social and traditional dynamic decide partly human comfort, structures and their tool regulate the convenient level of comfort interior temperature, “radiant temperature, humidity” and air flow as noted by American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) in 2004 research in IEA report. There is another statistic indicates that the mortality relation within seasons between 1988 and 1997 in the European Union (EU). The mortality percentage was small in countries which have better insulation conditions compared to the countries in weak insulation. (Figure 3) Because of lack of heat management, in North America more than 100 people death in Philadelphia in 1993, over 700 in 1995 in Chicago and nearly 400 in California in 2006 has been reported. (Alberini, et al. 2008) (15) Study in nanotechnology has revealed that those researches can assist innovative cooling design and development in the efficiency of solar cells and isolation. (8)

Nanotechnology can shape and develop major conventional used materials in the construction sector. (For example, concrete), enhance the existing material importance (For example “paints/coating or glass may gain self-cleaning, antimicrobial and pollution reducing properties”) and present innovative materials to reduce the current requirements. (For example “silica aerogels for thin and effective or transparent insulation, or nanoencapsulated corrosion inhibitors for steel corrosion protection”) Furthermore, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Green Star (Australia) or parallel authorizations have greatly acknowledged of substantial impacts of many nanotechnology-grounded inventions. (16) 

TOPICS: 1- Introduction, 2- Major Effects of Energy Consumption in Buildings relation to Nanotechnology, 3- Developments in Buildings in relation to Nanotechnology,  4-Proposals towards buildings facing today’s problems, 5-Conclusion

 

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3- Developments in Buildings in relation to Nanotechnology:

 

  Nanotechnology has the capability to influence a material at the scale of smaller than one millionth of a millimetre. This process enables us to renovate the construct our environment in a range of methods that is even beyond our today's imagination. (17)

  A recent Danish report has also aimed at to discover the potential of nanotechnology along with the requirements and possible solutions in the construction field as well as environmental concerns. (18) And the study approaches about nanotechnology in relation to the construction industry have divided into six descriptions: “1) nanostructured materials, 2) nanostructured surfaces, 3) nanoooptics, 4) nanosensors & electronics, 5) nanointegrated energy production & storage, 6) nanointegrated environmental remediation. (19) The details are described in the Table II as below:

Another important research on nanomaterials that nanotechnology can influence on primary construction materials in various ways as listed below Table III: (20)

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4- Proposals towards buildings facing today’s problems:

 

4.1 - Proposal I: The possibility of energy generation in the building:

  The conservation of energy is a fundamental principle that can lead to the way of great solutions. And it is described in Wikipedia as follows:

In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system cannot change—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can change form, for instance; chemical energy can be converted to kinetic energy in the explosion of a stick of dynamite. (34)

  One of idea in this case is that the consumed energy in electric form, for instance; lighting in buildings can be generated and used in the buildings over and over. There can be created a small recycle loop on the basis of electricity between generation and consumption process in the building scale. Correspondingly, nanotechnology will play the key role in this innovation. The molecule or atom array of one or more determined material will be coordinated by nanotechnology, including sensitive absorbers to generate electricity while the lights turn on in the building. This application can be more effective through covering the ceiling and internal wall surfaces. At first, the production of this type of Nanotech material can be launched as special wallpaper. Afterwards, more development in this wallpaper innovation may lead to create transparent or suitable colour paper which will not be seen after it is applied to existing building walls.

  In the meantime, in general, where motion exists, there energy consumption occurs. However, by the emerging technology with the help of nanotechnology, consumed mechanical energy can be converted into electricity efficiently. This technology is called as “Triboelectric nanogenerator”. (35) Nanotechnology will be the key factor to expand the subject surface area. And it will assist an enormous energy transfer from one point to another. (36) In this case, the occupants every move in the building can be harvested as electricity and may contribute to the production of energy in buildings. For instance; walk in the house. (37) The convenient application on every floor in the building during the design stage of building may increase the energy production. Moreover, it can be applied to existing houses’ floors thanks to the following researches on triboelectric nanogenerators.

  Another innovative approach can be in the heating system in the building by nanotechnology. As the air warms inside the building, the heat in the air will be converted to the useful energy when it touches to internal surface of the wall. Because of warm air carries heat energy, it can be absorbed and turned into useful energy with the help of Nanotech applications.

 

4.2 - Proposal II: Utilization of natural sources subjected to the building:

  Coating of the building with Nanotech material, including Nanotech sensors can be the first step of this application towards to the gaining natural energy coming to the building. For instance; harvest solar power, wind power and rainwater. The performance of the external surface of the building will be adaptable against weather condition. Manipulation of material in atom size will provide the material elastic form. In the sunny day, the solar power will be generated and in the windy day, wind power will be generated by the changes in the material on a nano scale. Furthermore, in a rainy day, selected nano particles on external wall surfaces at a certain point will open their shutter at an angle to collect fallen rainwater. There is another point that kind of innovation may lead to create a natural cooling system in the building.(38) (Figure 4)

  In order to convert the building surface “superhydrophilic” over exposed by sunlight, a TiO2 film is applied to the external surface of the building. The superhydrophilicity of surface functions as a small amount of water can be adequate to create relatively thin and continuous film. And the aim of this thin film is that provide the maximum evaporative cooling area with minimum water use. In other words, “on a vertical building surface with a UV irradiated TiO2 coating, a continuous water layer can form when water film thickness is only 0.1 mm., and a water flow of 200 ml./min. is sufficient to cover a 1 x 5 m. wall.” (40) This kind of development will likely stop or decrease using the air conditioner as well as energy consumption.

In addition, the used water inside the building can be collected in one store. Nanotech application may offer to separate the dirt from the water. Through this application, the clean and fresh water will be delivered over and over in the building. Therefore, the building may not need to consume city water on a daily basis. (41, 42)

 

4.3 - Proposal III: Manufacturing Nanotech windows:

  This type of application will decrease or even stop the manufacturing of shading units above the windows. Because, window by itself with the contribution of nanotechnology will have a function to adjust shading in required or desired level. While shading area increases at the time, it will increase the solar power gain through Nanotech application at window area correspondingly. The window will turn into dark colour when it is exposed to sunlight, which will enable to absorb sunlight better as well as provide shading to the room and prevent glare.

  Furthermore, a chemical reaction inside Nanotech window similar to photosynthesis will contribute to increase of O2 for ventilation inside the building and decrease the CO2 level in the building with the combination of sunlight.

 

5-Conclusion:

 

  Every study on nanotechnology may have breakthrough development potential in human comfort for the next decades. Because, nanotechnology can influence our daily life in every way. In other words, daily common devices, the way of consumption and living patterns in a better and more intelligent way can be designed. The high energy consumption and related inefficient applications affect badly included but not limited to energy security, economic growth, climate change and occupant well-being in their houses. However, promising improvements in nanotechnology likely to find relevant solutions for many problems that we are facing today. As a result, the bottom line is that the current impossibilities may turn into possibilities through advancement of Nanotech developments.

  On the other hand, changing material behaviour in nano scale may take a long time, money and effort. It may seem as a barrier against progress in nanotechnology. Thus, the simplification of process of Nanotech material production will be an important step in order to see these innovations in the following years.

  Another point is that, finding an innovative idea about nanotechnology is becoming too difficult to make a research. Because, it is highly possible to come across a similar study has already been searched and illustrated thanks to the recent series of research on nanotechnology. However, it demonstrates a good sign about Nanotech progress, in the meantime, it indicates how less we benefit from this technology at present. And the studies may be too fragmented to offer complete innovations yet. But, nevertheless, more sustainable, less energy consumption in a more efficient way especially in buildings will likely become a reality with the help of nanotechnology soon or after.  

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6-References:

 

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