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Renewable Energy in Your Country (Turkey context)

2014

 

TOPICS: 3- Current Energy Sector in Turkey, 4-Current Use of Renewable Resources and Potentials, 5- Constraints of Renewable Energy in Turkey and 6- Conclusion 

1- Introduction:

 

Recent research by Turkish Republic Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources ( TRMENR) has shown that between 2002 and 2011, Turkey’s total primary electric energy supply increased from 129 400 GWh to 229 395,1 GWh. (Figure 1) (1) This significant rise is equivalent to %77,2. As noted in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) statistical Turkey 2013 profile, Turkey’s total primary energy supply (TPES) has reached from 84.4 Mtoe to 114.2 Mtoe between 2005 and 2011. (2) The movement of energy supply increase will likely to be proceeded by TRMENR demanding targets towards 2023 (the year of the 100th anniversary of the Republic of Turkey) for instance today’s installed power station will be doubled as 100 000 MW to meet the demand regarding to the assumption of 2023 electric energy supply approximately 500 billion kWh. (3) In addition, Turkey has officially entered into force to “Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” (1998) on the 26th of August 2009. As Kyoto Protocol indicates as in the Article 2, there are restrictions on generating energy for instance; reduction of greenhouse gasses and incentive action of development and increased applications on renewable energy sources. (4-5)

 

2- Turkey country profile:

 

 

 Turkey is formally called as the Republic of Turkey and is located largely in Anatolia in Western Asia and the considerably small area is located in South Eastern Europe. The capital is Ankara located centre of Anatolia. The total population of Turkey is estimated 75 627 384 million in 2013. (6) The largest city is Istanbul with a population of 13.9 million. (7)

 Turkey is the 16th largest economy in the world and the 6th largest economy in Europe as noted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) list of countries by their gross domestic product (GDP) 2012.(8)

 

 There are significant foreign memberships that Turkey has joined up to date. These are can be put forward as follows:  United Nations (1945), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (1961), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1952) and the European Union Customs Union (1995). (6) In the meantime, Turkey is in negotiation with the European Union (EU) to become a member since the application of membership was made in 1987. (9) On the other hand, “Turkey was granted dialogue partner status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) at the group’s 2012 submit in Beijing.” The Turkish prime minister has specified, upon the possibility of the EU not acceptance in return full membership in the SCO can be thought. (10)

 

 

3- Current Energy Sector in Turkey:

 

 Oil, natural gas and coal are the dominant sources in the energy sector that Turkey had supplied its energy demand by mostly generating these sources between 2002 and 2010. (11) As can be seen in Figure 3, natural gas takes the lead which is followed up by coal and oil respectively in 2010. In addition

 

  Apart from this, as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has declared Turkey has determined to incorporate nuclear energy into Turkey’s current energy generation to fulfil the growing demand for electricity and its economic development. One of the nuclear power plant construction projects at Akkuyu with the cooperation of the Russian Federation is featured and planned to commence to work on January 2016. Another project at Sinop with Japan is under progress predicted to start construction in 2017. (Figure 5) %10 Turkish electricity generation is aimed from nuclear energy by 2023 target policy through the contribution of nuclear power stations. 

  This particular study starts with the information of Turkey profile and follows as major analysis of the current energy sector and current use of renewable energy sources and its promising potentials across the forthcoming centuries. Afterwards, the other side of this view will be examined in terms of the difficulties behind the advancement of renewable energy sector in Turkey context.

 

to this, Turkey has been a dependent country of foreign energy sources especially for natural gas and oil. This statement has been confirmed by the Minister of TRMENR Taner YILDIZ through his speech to The Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM) in 2011. The small part of his speech is as follows:

 

In 2009 primary energy supply was 105 million tons. 30,3 million tep part of primary energy supply was provided by domestic generation. In our country where net import dependency in year 2009 is 72 percent, nearly 98 percent of natural gas and nearly 91 percent of petroleum has been imported. Within this concept, we give great importance to increasing the variety of source, technology and infrastructure in energy supply. In our country, domestic and foreign search activities related to petroleum and natural gas sources have been increased in recent years. Within this scope, we are working hard to decrease the petroleum and natural gas import bill of our country. (12)

 

 However natural gas and oil sources are highly limited in Turkey, geographical location of Turkey reliefs partially in energy sector. To be able to provide secure, efficient and direct transmission of energy sources between the regions: Europe, Russia, Azerbaijan, Middle East and Africa put Turkey in a strategically important position. (Figure 4) (13) As a result, there can be mentioned two strategic benefits. First, be able to diversify energy import from one region to another in order to avoid one country import dependency. Second, be able to supply energy demand in a relatively short time from neighbour countries when an extreme domestic energy demand is required.

 

 

3-A) Natural Gas

 

As previously shown in Figure 3, natural gas is the leading source to operate electricity in Turkey between 2002 and 2010.  In another statistic clarifies that Turkey is the 24th country in consumption of natural gas in the world referring to the year 2010. (18) Further recent statistic prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration dated 2011 has shown that Russia is the biggest natural gas importer as %58, followed by Iran (%19), Azerbaijan (%9), Algeria (%9) and Nigeria (%3). (Figure 6) (19-20) Turkey consumes natural gas greater than half of the whole consumption for generation of electricity (%53.5)  and relatively for house (%25.7) and for industry (%20.8) regarding to 2011 data. (21)And TRMENR predicts %30 natural gas utilization towards to fulfil electricity generation by 2023.(14)

 

3-B) Coal:

 

 Turkey is 11th coal producing and 15th  coal consuming country in the world ranking 2010 . (22) Coal has supplied %31 of primary energy demand in 2010. (Figure 7) In a parallel amount predicted as %30 of whole electricity generation will be supplied by coal across the current Turkish energy policy target for 2023. (14, 23) However, in this case the challenge will be likely to search ways of increasing utilization of domestic coal reserves. Because, in recent years, approximately %30 of coal fuels is imported despite the fact that Turkey has only deployed %37 of domestic coal reserves yet. Thus, as TRMENR declares that Turkey aims to deliver %100 of domestic coal reserve to compensate energy demand in a certain amount by 2023. (3,24)

 

 

3-C) Oil:

 

 As natural gas importer country Turkey, nearly all of its oil supply similarly has been fulfilled by foreign sources which are shared by Iran (%44), Iraq (%15), Saudi Arabia (%14), Russian (%10), Kazakhstan (%7) and others (%10). (19)

 

 

 The Turkish government urges in various ways to support exploration and production oil for instances, decreasing collective charge rates, provide immunity from import responsibilities for material and equipment and exclude value-added tax (VAT) for investigation oil within Turkish boundaries. (19) This program line also supported by TRMENR financially. Hence, the search and production investment has been increased 13.5 times from 2002 to 2011. (25)

 In addition, as mentioned previously strategic location of Turkey in which “between oil-rich Former Soviet Union countries and the Middle East, and the European demand centres” drives Turkey to the “world’s busiest chockpoints [sic] through which 2.9 million barrels per day flowed in 2010.” (19)

 

  4-Current Use of Renewable Resources and Potentials:

 

  Turkey is an abundant country in renewable energy sources through country geographical location and geological structure. (26) Thus, over the last decade, significant improvements have been recorded in the utilization of renewable sources in Turkey. In accordance with the legislation emerged in 2005, in general the use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation has been empowered to individuals, which has likely raised the attention on these sources. (27)

 Turkish minister of Energy and Natural Resources Taner YILDIZ explains in his TBMM plan and budget commission report by the end of October 2013 the total installed renewable energy generation power has reached at 24 947 MW. (Figure 9) (26, 28)

 

4-A) Hydro energy and potentials

 

As can be seen above Figure 9, hydro energy is a major energy contributor respect to the other renewable energy sources in Turkey. In the last decade, utilization of this potential renewable source has grown into a great momentum (Figure 10) and reached at 21724 MW at the end of October 2013 according to the Turkish Minister speech.(26)

 

 The geography of Turkey, a rectangular shaped surrounded on three sides by seas included many rivers and five separate watersheds, which highly stimulates hydro energy generation. As a result, hydro energy power supply is separated all around Turkey’s boundaries. (Figure 11) (29, 30)

 

 It is estimated that approximately %1.8 of world hydroelectric potential exists in Turkey. Accordingly, the 2011 statistic indicates over the world, Turkey holds the 10th highest installed hydroelectric power capacity among the other countries for instance, China (%24.5), Brazil (%8.8) and United States(%8.4) are the top three countries. ( Figure 12)(31)

  As TRMENR states, the total generation of hydro energy target by 2023 is defined as  approximately 36000 MW which is expected to be achieved  by the private sector up to 2023. (3)

 

4-B) Wind and potentials

 

 In recent years, utilization of wind energy has been gradually raised. According  to the TRMENR Minister last official text, installed wind power has reached  2689 MW by the end of October 2013. (Figure 13) (26)

 

 Turkey has an extensive amount of wind energy potential. Because, the country’s land surrounded by a considerable number of mountains, and its distinctive geography provides reasonable and steady wind all over its mountains and valleys. The wind power in Turkey is centralised within the western and southern districts. Cold European weather from the west and considerably warmer Asian and African weather conditions from east meets in Turkish region that brings extensive temperature and climate differences. With respect to the wind exploration, the high potential wind can be put forward near sea sides Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean and Black Sea and a number of areas in the Southeast Anatolian girdles with an approximate speed of 4.5 – 10 m/s. (32)

 The current wind power operated area can be seen above Figure 14. (30) Based on Turkey’s current  wind power capacity across worldwide with the %0. 76 placed at 16th highest country in a 2011 data search. In Figure 15 below, China (%26. 2), United States (%19.7) and Germany (%12.21) share world total wind power capacity. (33) However, wind power potential has yet to be exposed far further from the present installed wind power stations to meet the determined 2023 target by TRMENR. Because, the target of installed wind power with respect to the present governmental ministry set out as 20 000 MW which is nearly eight times larger than current installed wind power stations. (14)

 

4-C) Geothermal and potentials

 

 

 Installed geothermal energy power has been constant between 2002 and nearly until 2008. As Figure 16 indicates, it has been rapidly growing especially from 2008 to 2011.(34) At present, installed geothermal energy power has more than doubled since 2011 and reached 310 MW which is stated by TRMENR.(26)  The predicted overall geothermal power capacity in Turkey is approximately 31500 MW and 4500 MW is available for direct use. (35)

 

 

 The substantial geothermal energy potential is a result of Turkey’s geographic location which is placed on the Alpine-Himalayan belt. After Turkish Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) investigation, Western Anatolia has been discovered to have the greatest potential in geothermal energy within Turkish borders. (36)

 

 

 The installed geothermal capacity examination in 2011 indicates that the United States (%28. 9) has utilized this renewable source to a greater extent than the other countries (Philippines (%17.6), Indonesia (%10.8)) all over the world. Based on Figure 17, Turkey’s rank is 12 and which corresponds to %1.02 of the world’s installed geothermal power capacity. (34)

 

4-D) Biomass and Waste Power and potentials

 

 “Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms.” (37) Biomass can be modified into sufficient energy  contained substances in three different methods: thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion. By this approach, biofuels  which can be used as a new biomass product, have increased in popularity due to rising oil prices and necessity of a secure energy source. (38)

 

 

 As shown in Figure 18, this renewable source in Turkey is a substantially new approach to an energy generation, which has reached noticeable amounts after 2005. The rapid growing in 2005, may be explained by the regulation of the time, which is “”Regulations on Technical Criteria to be used in Oil Market”” published in September 10th, 2004 in Turkish Official Gazette numbered 25,579 and “”Oil Market License Regulation”” published in June 17th, 2005.”By the official admission of biodiesel as fuel oil, all the developments to the imports, distribution, transportation and final consumer have begun to consider within the new assessment in the licence. (40)

 

 In Figure 19, Turkey takes place in 34 with the %0.22 share of world biomass and waste power capacity. According to, Energy report 2012 prepared by World Energy Council Turkish Committee, Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) indicates that there are 64 biomass operator have taken their operating licence until September of 2012. And noted in this report that the overall power generation capacity of these biomass operations are the amount of 165.9 MW in which 113.3 MW is under operation at the time. In addition, three more power stations in total capacity 8.32 MW have been accepted to be given a licence (41). The progress in biomass energy utilization has continued in 2013 end of October with new stations in total 65.5 MW capacity using waste gas-heat and biomass. (42)

 

 According to the Turkish Minister Plan and budget commission report in 2013, he explains that in order to observe biomass energy potential in Turkey, the provided information for Biomass Energy Potential Atlas (BEPA) will be transferred to electronic media in order to perform studies on the Turkish map. (43)

 

4-E) Solar Power and potentials

 

 Turkey has a reasonable solar energy due to its geographical location. As an approximate number, Turkey has 2460 days sunshine with 1311 kWh/m2 solar radiation in a year. The country’s overall land area 781000 m2, which belongs to the so-called sun belt countries.

 

 In general, as can be seen above Figure 20, solar energy radiation varies from region to region. The direct average solar radiation values changes between 2 kWh/m2  per day and 9 kWh/m2   per day. (44) Solar energy potential regarding to TRMENR is estimated of the amount of 380 billion kWh/year.

 

 However, the utilization of solar power has been limited compared to an estimated potential as shown in Figure 21. (46) Based on likely  similar indicators about solar energy, the Turkish government has determined to increase the utilization of solar power through a declaration to reach solar power generation of 3000 MW until 2023. (14)Legislation has been approved by TBMM on 13.03.2013 regarding the generation of renewable energy under 1MW not being required to have a production license which is expected to affect most sun power energy generation. (47, 48)

 

4-F) Wave Energy and potentials

 

 The sea shore distance of Turkey is approximately 8210 km. The potential of wave hardly can be harnessed by small wave energy systems in each seaside region. Turkey has estimated technically 18.5 TWh/year wave energy potential in total according to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey- Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TUBITAK-TTGV) study in 1998.

 Potential in wave energy can be classified into three main parts as follows: natural, technical and economic potential. Since, wave energy exists in nature; it is called as a natural energy source. Wave energy as a technical potential can be converted to other energy forms by using technology. And the economic side of wave energy can be analysed with other energy sources regards to economic potential.(49)

  As noted in a technical report , the efficient wave power source estimated at Kalkan (near Antalya) offshore is in average between  6.6 kW/m – 7.6 kW/m has been recorded. Wave height reaches to 1.21 m and wave period reaches 6.09 second. These statistics are available most of the year. The high potential of wind power can be put forward western Black sea, North Istanbul Bosphorus and southwest Aegean Sea offshore Marmaris and Finike for the initial start. (50) (Figure 23)

 

5- Constraints of Renewable Energy in Turkey

 

  Since, in general maintenance and operation of renewable energy sources costs in small amount of capital and has no fuel requirement, the initial capital costs of implementation of renewable source is significantly high for every installed power station, which is likely to be a primary constraint to reach a larger utilization of renewable energy. As noted in the 2011 report, this constriction is caused by two factors: First, fossil-fuelled systems are more reasonable than renewable energy systems in comparison of their capital costs and second, social and environmental effects of fossil fuels have been neglected by marketplace. (51) In a matter of fact that, this statement is highly acceptable for Turkey as an oil consumer country.

  In addition, Parliament of Industry, Trade, Energy, Natural Resources, Information and Technology Commission president Nihat Zeybekci criticizes  about unnecessary bureaucratic applications; for instance an investor is obliged to take authorization from many ministers to start wind turbine construction after he has been shown the place where he can manage his renewable power station by TRMENR. President Zeybekci in conference in Ankara on 26.11.2013 suggests that this procedure should be organized among the ministers and should be provided to the investor with full consent.(52)

 

6- Conclusion

 

 Over the last decade, generation of many types of renewable energy sources in Turkey has considerably grown.  Since the present Turkish Energy Ministry has declared its aims in renewable energy generation by 2023, addressing this positive development in renewable source utilization will likely require an intensive collaborative practice between private and local authorities in the near future. On the other hand, current dominant energy sources: natural gas, coal and oil apparently will continue to be major components of energy production in Turkey. But, the inclination on importing these sources with the Turkish policy will tend to be settled down. And Turkey will meet another energy production unit nuclear power station in the next decade.

 Finally, in any case, there should be noted that while Turkey is an energy importer country with increasing population and a growing economy, having abundant renewable energy sources is critical if Turkey aims to become a sustainable country.

 

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7- References

 

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